Techniques with Painting and Drawing~Toney, Anthony. //Creative Painting and Drawing.// New York, NY: Dover Publications, 1966. Print.
- There are four elements to art: “Line, Shape, Space, and Value.”
- “Lines can be implicit or explicit. An implicit line is a hidden one, revealed only by similarity, as when otherwise separate things or their parts line up in some way.”
- “Explicit lines are actual direction or combination of directions.”
- “Complex directions can be seen more readily if they are compared to simpler ones.”
- “In the very nature of line exist the painter’s two main modes of working the movement of gesture and the contour of shape.”
- “In any art work, shapes are the masses of varying size, value, or color. They are essentially triangular, rectangular, circular, or some combination of these.
- “An explicit shape is that area which is within the actual contour.”
- “Implicit shapes, on the other hand, are those revealed by implicit line of direction.”
- “A shape will usually refer to one or another primary shape, and complex shapes are combinations of primary shapes revealed through comparison.”
- “Art as in nature, space consists of the position of planes-flats surfaces, varying in size, that tend to recede, come forward, or stay put within any particular context.”
- Primary qualities of three dimensional or illusionistic space consist of the oppositions of the sphere, pyramid, or cube.”
- “More complex three dimensional forms are combinations of these.”
- “Natural space is expressed through linear and aerial perspective, which we will now consider in some detail.”
- “Atmospheric or aerial perspective refers to the effect of varying thickness of atmosphere upon sight.”
- “When something is moved farther away from the observer, it appears less distinct, less intense, and also smaller.”